Bibliography

www.chasingthefrog.com/reelfaces/300spartans.php
http://www.movieweb.com/news/zack-snyder-on-directing-300
http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Herother.html  (Qoutes from the 'Histories')
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=lIr8u0j08gU
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QgA74Dt2Xbg
 http://www.factbehindfiction.com/index_files/300TheBattleatThermopylae.htm
 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0416449/quotes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=qvx7oXqiaMM

Limitations Of Sources Of Evidence

In writing this blog I came across a few limitations in respect to sources of evidence. The quotes available in 'Herodotus The Histories' in contrast to those of '300' were much less. Specific examples of events in the 'Histories' were written much diffrently to those in the film '300' (of course) making it difficult to find certain simlarities and differences.

Messages Conveyed

The movie depicts a small group of European freedom fighters holding off a large army of Iranian slaves. The message conveyed is the strengh of Democracy and Freedom against the agressive forces of Slavery and Fascism.
"A new age has begun, an age of freedom. And all will know that 300 Spartans gave their last breath to defend it"
This quote conveys the message of freedom.

Influences Of 'The Histories' on '300'

The film '300' was influenced by Frank Millers Graphic Novel of the same name, which was itself influenced by the events at the Battle Of Thermopylae.
"I went to Greece and researched the story as much as I could - walked the battlefield and all of that - and just put it all down. It took a lot of distillation of the genuine history and I'm taking an awful lot of liberties with everything, but that's my job. If you want reality, catch a documentary." - Frank Miller, Author of 300 Graphic Novel

Because the film '300' was influenced more by the graphic novel '300' more so then 'Herodotus The Hiostories' it's historical accuracy can be easily argued. Certain events in the 'Histories' are portrayed in '300' however they are usually inaccurate or over dramatised.

Cultural Expectations And Codes Of Behaviour

In the film '300' directed by Zack Snyder, a code of behaviour portrayed in the film is Queen Gorgo's request for Leonidas to "Come back with your shield, or on it." This was practised by the Greeks and means for a solider to come home from war victorious (with his shield) or to die a 'glourious death' on the battlefield (on his shield). In the film the Spartan solider Stelios explains to an Arcadian solider why he laughs at the immense size of the Persian fleet. "Arcadian, I've fought countless times, yet I've never met an adversary who could offer me what we Spartans call "A Beautiful Death." I can only hope, with all the world's warriors gathered against us, there might be one down there who's up to the task." Stelios hopes to come home on his shield, rather then on it. This was presumably included in the film to assign the Spartans a sense of hounor and valour. “Such was the number of the barbarians, that when they shot forth their arrows the sun would be darkened by their multitude." Dieneces, not at all frightened at these words, but making light of the Median numbers, answered "Our Trachinian friend brings us excellent tidings. If the Medes darken the sun, we shall have our fight in the shade.”
― Herodotus The Histories
This quote from 'Herodotus The Histories' once again exemplifies the sense of valour held by the Spartans.
 

 This is the scene from '300' in which (to a degree) Stelios makes a quote from the 'Histories'.

 Another code of behaviour exhibited by characters in the film is that of the Spartan Warrior, the film has a large emphasis on this as shown in '300' when King Leonidas asks several Arcadian soldiers to state their professions. Leonidas then turns to his own Spartan soldiers and asks them, "Spartans! What is Your Profession?" They reply with a loud warrior cry, indicating that they are soldiers by trade. This was probably emphasised so heavily in the film to draw a larger male audience. (in uncultured countries such as America)

                                This is shown here in this scene from the film.

 

A cultural expectation portrayed in the film '300' occurs during the scene previous to the one above. The leader of the Arcadian militia questions the number of Spartan troops."But you bring this small group of men, against Xerxes army, I would have expected Sparta's contribution to at least match our own.” This shows a cultural expectation, as the Arcadian believes the Spartans would have a larger force then the one they brung to the battle, this is because the Spartan culture exihibits many military customs and ideals, the Arcadian expected that Sparta, a military culture would have a large military contribution to the Battle Of Thermopylae. This is included in the film as it once again emphasises the military/warrior nature of Sparta, this is aimed towards the male audience of the film.

Similarities And Differences Between 'Herodotus The Histories' and '300'

Unlike in Zack Snyder's strangely bonified '300' a film in which a drastically underestimated 300 Greek Soldiers (including Leonidas) defeat several hundreds of thousands of Persian 'slaves' and solders. Actually fourteen hundred warriors in all stood up to the Persian invaders at Thermopylae on the final day of battle, down from approximatley seven thousand on the first day. Along with Leonidas I and his three hundred Spartans there were seven hundred Thespians, four hundred Thebans and around eighty men from Mycaene." From Sparta, three hundred men-at-arms: from Arcadia, a thousand Tegeans and Mantineans, five hundred of each people; a hundred and twenty Orchomenians, from the Arcadian Orchomenus; and a thousand from other cities: from Corinth, four hundred men: from Phlius, two hundred: and from Mycenae eighty. Such was the number from the Peloponnese. There were also present, from Boeotia, seven hundred Thespians and four hundred Thebans." This quote from the 'Histories' reinforces these numbers.

 The director Zack Snyder probably emphasised the number of Spartans present over the number of other Greeks as it makes the film appear more epic having a small yet brave human force face a large overwhelming and inhuman one.

These two images compare the sizes of the opposing forces.

 In 'Herodotus The Histories' Xerxes, God King of the Persians makes daily libations from Book Seven of Herodotus. "At sunrise Xerxes made libations, after which he waited until the time when the forum is wont to fill, and then began his advance." And  "Xerxes meanwhile, having made libations at sunrise."(a ritual pouring of a liquid as an offering to a god or spirit or in memory of those who have died) in '300'no libations or even any offerings of any kind were made to the gods, by the Spartans or the Persians. In '300' there is very little mention of the gods made,  one mention of the gods is when Leonidas's captain loses an eye Leonidas says "Dilios, I trust that "scratch" hasn't made you useless." to which he replies " Hardly, my lord, it's just an eye. The gods saw fit to grace me with a spare." Also when a storm sinks Persian ships the narrator mentions the gods. "Zeus stabs the sky with thunderbolts, and batters the Persian ships with hurricane wind."  These two quotes and the presence of the Ephors. (corrupt perverted priests who worship the old gods) Who speak to Leonidas."Trust the gods, Leonidas." To which he replys. "I'd prefer you trusted your reason." The examples above and an oracle are the only involvement of Ancient Greek Religion made in the film. This is probably because the audience is more interested in the action side of the Battle Of Thermopylae rather then the religious aspect of it.

                                The scene in '300' described above in which Zeus is mentioned

In Herodotus The Histories account of The Battle Of Thermopylae their is no mention of the actions of Queen Gorgo, wife of King Leonidas or the the events at Sparta during the Battle Of Thermopylae. In ancient Greece, women had no place in politics or debate unlike the film '300', in which Queen Gorgo argues her husbands case to send more Spartan troops to Thermopylae while he is fighting. This would not have occurred in ancient Greece as women were not considered citizens.(Although Spartan women were regarded more highly then other ancient Greek woman) Gorgo the only main character who is female probably has such a large role in the film to either draw a female audience to the film (as a female character they can relate to, or as a drama aspect of the film they can enjoy) and make it more appealing, or to make the film seem more contemporary, through the use of a lead female character.

The film '300' portrays the Spartan warriors as fearless super humans who charge into battle wearing only red capes, plumed helmets and under garments. Although 'Herodotus The Histories ' makes no, mention of the battle gear worn by the Spartans or by the Persians for that matter we can assume this is because those who would have read the Histories knew of the apparel worn by soldiers of the ancient world. However historical accounts and findings indicate that Spartan soldiers wore full regalia similar to other ancient Greek forces. Frank Miller the author of the Graphic novel '300' which influenced Zack Snyder's film of the same name commented on the body armour of the Spartans portrayed in his novel."Body Armour was a valuable asset to the real Spartan soldiers. 300 author Frank Miller commented on this alteration in an Entertainment Weekly interview, "I took those chest plates and leather skirts off of them for a reason. I wanted these guys to move and I wanted 'em to look good. ... Spartans, in full regalia, were almost indistinguishable except at a very close angle."  This was an influence on the film '300' because as mentioned above they wore similar apparel to that in the graphic novel, this is another attempt to appeal to a male audience. (Or a female one, that enjoys watching scantily clad warriors in battle for 2 hours.)


A similarity between the film '300' and 'Herodotus The Histories' is the character of Ephialtes.Ephialtes is portrayed in the 'Histories as a farmer of Malis."Ephialtes, the son of Eurydemus, a man of Malis, came to him and was admitted to a conference. Stirred by the hope of receiving a rich reward at the king's hands, he had come to tell him of the pathway which led across the mountain to Thermopylae; by which disclosure he brought destruction on the band of Greeks who had there withstood the barbarians."   However in the film '300' Ephialtes is portrayed as disfigured Spartan hunchback, although his role in the film is the same in that of the 'Histories' in which he reveals a goat path to Xerxes that will allow his men to outflank the Spartans, but his motive differs between the film and the historical account. In '300' Ephialtes reveals the path after his request to fight with the Spartans is denied by Leonidas, however in the ' Histories' Ephialtes simply reveals the path to Xerxes in hope of a reward. The film '300' would have had Ephialtes become a traitor to create a antagonistic character, further connecting to audience to the Spartans, and again emphasising their role as the 'Good Guys'.

Differences Between The Two Genres

The differences between these two genres; being a Historical Account ( Herodotus The Histories) and '300' a Historical Fantasy are that obviously one is historically influenced and accurate while historical fantasy is historically influenced (to a degree) and usually historical accuracy is not a high priority. Obviously, we're talking about a comic book adaptation here, not a historical text. And in spite of all its inaccuracies the film adequately captures the essence of the battle more so than the reality.
 Zack Snyder explains to a degree how and why '300' is a Historical Fantasy.
 "As historians, I can't be emotional with what I feel about the Spartans because I'm trying to give historical reference. But you, what you've made,feels like it was made by Spartans."

Purpose - 300

Purpose: '300' is "A film whose primary purpose is to entertain the male ego." The intended audience of Zack Snyders '300' is presumably older teens 16-17 and those including this audience who have knowledge or a basic idea concerning the events of Thermopylae or Classical history. The audience of older teens will consist primarily of males, we can presume very few females of this age would be interested in this type of film, except possibly those who have an interest in the ancient world. Older audiences of the film will again probably consist mostly of males, the intended older female audience would be more interested in the drama aspect of the film.

The Purpose - Herodotus The Histories

The Purpose

The Intended audience of Herodotus The Histories was most likely any literate person from the date of it's 'publication' around 420 BC.
The main purpose of The Histories is to describe the wars between Greece and Persia, but it also provides a great deal of information about early civilisation.
Herodotus seems to have traveled extensively around the ancient world, conducting interviews and collecting stories for his book. His writings were scrutinized in ancient times for their accuracy, since Herodotus often reported multiple accounts of an event and then picked the one that he felt was most probable. Despite his critics, Herodotus is considered the "father of history". In addition to Herodotus' Histories, historians have also learned a lot about the Spartans and the Persians from archaeological discoveries and various other writings.
At the beginning of The Histories, Herodotus sets out his reasons for writing it

"This is the showing-forth of the inquiry of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, so that neither what has come to be from man in time might become faded, nor that great and wondrous deeds, those shown forth by Greeks and those by barbarians, might be without their glory; and together with all this, also through what cause they warred with each other."

This quote explains the reason Herodotus wrote the 'Histories'. 

Comparision Between '300' And Herodutus The Histories

There Are many contrasts between the film '300' directed by Zack Snyder and The Battle Of Thermopalye documented in 'Herodutus The Histories'. This blog explore the intended audiences of both genres and the differences between the two. The Story and the causes and consequences of the Battle Of Thermopalye including the role of the gods and themes explored. Characters and the relationships between them, how they develop. And the ideas and values of the classical world emphasized in both the film '300' and 'Herodotus The Histories'. Why certain aspects of The Battle Of Thermopalye were not included in the film '300' will also be explored.